Mata Kuliah
Bahasa Inggris
DIII Manajemen
Informatika
Oleh
:
Niken Diana Putri (12390100004)
SEKOLAH TINGGI
MANAJEMEN INFORMATIKA & TEKNIK
KOMPUTER
SURABAYA
Jl. Kedung Baruk 98 Surabaya
1.
THE
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
The
parts of sentence are a set of terms
for describing how people construct sentences from smaller pieces.
The details
:
ü
Subject and predicate
ü
Objects and complements
ü
Review : the subject
ü
Review : the predicate
ü
Review : parts of the sentence
SUBJECT
AND PREDICATE
Every complete sentence
contains two parts : a subject and a predicate.
Judy { runs }
Judy and her dog { run on the beach every morning }
Unusual
Sentences
Imperative sentences (
sentences that give a command or an order ) differ from conventional sentences
in that their subject, which is always “you” is understood rather than
expressed.
Stand
on your head. (“you” is understood before “stand. “)
Simple
Subject and Simple Predicate
Every subject is built
around one noun or pronoun (or more) that, when stripped of all
the words that modify it, is known as the simple
subject. Consider the following example:
OBJECT
AND COMPLEMENT
Object
A verb may be
followed by an object that completes
the verb’s meaning. Two kinds of objects follow verbs: direct objects and
indirect objects. To determine if a verb has a direct object, isolate the verb
and make it into a question by placing “whom?” after it. The answer, if there
is one, is the direct object:
Direct
object
The advertising
executive drove a flashy red Porsche.
Direct
object
Her secret admirer gave
her a bouquet of flowers.
The second sentences
above also contains an indirect object.
An indirect object (which, like a direct object, is always a noun or pronoun)
is, in a sense, the recipient of the direct object. To determine if a verb has
an indirects object, isolate the verb and ask to whom ?, to what?, for whom?,
or for what? After it. The answer is the indirect object.
Not all verbs are
followed by objects. Consider the verbs in the following sentences :
The guest speaker rose from her chair to protest.
After work, randy
usually jogs around the canal.
Transitive and
intransitive Verbs
Verbs that take objects
are known as transitive verbs. Verbs
not followed by objects are called intransitive
verbs.
Some verbscan be either
transitive verbs or intransitive verbs, depending on the context:
Direct
object
I hope the senators win
the next game.
No
direct object
Did we win ?
Subject Complements
In addition to the transitive
verb and the intransitive verb, there is a third kind of verb called
a linking verb. The word (or phrase) which follows a linking verb
is called not an object, ut a subject
complement.
Object
Complements
An object complement is similar to a subject complement , except that
(obviously) it modifies an object rather that a subject. Consider this example
of a subject complement:
The driver seems tired.
2.
ARTICLES
Definition
of articles
English
has two types of artices: definite (the) and indefinite (a, an.) the use of
these articles depends mainly on whether you are referring to any member of a
group, or to a specific member of a group:
1.
Indefinite Articles: a and an
A and an signal that
the noun moditified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. The ruke
is :
·
a + singular noun beginning with a
consonant : a boy
·
an + singular noun beginning with a
vowel : an elephant
·
a + singular noun beginning with a
consonant sound : a user ( sounds like ‘yoo-zer,’i.e.begins with a consonant
‘y’ sound, so ‘a’ is used)
·
some + plurar noun : some girls
if the noun is modified
by an adjective, the choice between a and an depends on the initial sound of
the adjective that immediately follows the article :
·
a broken egg
·
an unusual problem
·
a european country (sounds like
‘yer-o-pi-an,’i.e.begins with consonant ‘y’ sound)
Note also that in English, the indentified
articles are used to indicate membership in a profession, nation or religion.
·
I am a teacher.
·
Brian is an Irishman.
·
Seiko is a practicing Buddhist.
2.
Definite article : the
The definite article is
used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is particular or specific.
Indefinite and definite
articles in the following examples:
Indefinite ( a or an
)
|
Definite (the)
|
|
Singular
|
A dog (any dog)
An apple (any apple)
|
The dogs (that
specific dog)
The apple (that specific apple )
|
plural
|
Some dogs (any dogs )
Some apples (any
apples )
|
The dogs ( those
specific dogs)
The apples ( those specific
apples)
|
3. PHRASE
A phrase is a group of
related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a
subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentences.
There are four types of
phrase :
1. Prepositional phrases
The
prepositional phrase includes the preposition and the object of the
preposition as well as any modifiers related to either.
In the following
examples :
·
The flying saucer appeared above the
lake before it disappeared into space.
o
ABOVE is not adverb because it has an
object to complete its meaning;
therefore, ABOVE is a
preposition and the entire phrase is an adverb phare.
2. Participial phrase
The
participial phare includes the participle and the object of the
participle or any words modified by or related to the participle.
in the following
example :
·
The car sliding out of control toward
building is going to hit the window.
o
SLIDING modifies the CAR. The verb is IS
GOING.
3. Gerund phrase
The
gerund phrase includes the gerund and the object of the gerund or
any modifiers related to the gerund.
In the following example :
·
Flying
above the lake at this time of night seems a little
dangerous.
o
FLYING is the subject of the sentences.
A subject is a noun. A form of the verb ending in ING and used as a noun is a
gerund. FLYING is a gerund.
4. Infinitive phrase
The
infinitive phrse includes the infinitive and the object of the infinitive or
any
moditifers related to the infinitive.
In the following
examples:
·
Even in new York, fans did not manage to buy the type.
o
TO BUY is the direct object of the verb
DID MANAGE. THE HYPE is the object of the infinitive.
5. Appositives
A
word, phare or clause that means the same thing as (i.e., synonym) or futher
explains another noun (pronoun).
Non-
restrictive appositives are not essential to the meaning of
the sentences.
Restrictive-
appositives are essential to the meaning of the sentences.
ü
Non- restrictive
·
Her husband, fritz, is a nice guy :
o
We assume she has only one husband.
Thus,commas are used.
ü
Restrictive- appositivies
·
Evan’s friend john cheated on the test.
o
Evan has more than one friend;
therefore, no commas are used to set off john.
We need the name to
know which friend we’re talking about.
4. SUBJECT AND VERBS AGREE
v
When the subject of a sentences is
composed of two or more nouns or pronounsconnected by and, use a plural verb.
She
and her friends are at the fair.
v
When two or more singular nouns or
pronouns are connected by or nor, use a singular verb.
The
book or the pen is in the drawer.
v
When a compound subject contains both a
singular and a plural noun or prounoun
joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is
nearer the verb.
The
boy or his friends rin every day.
His
friends or the boy runs every day.
v
Doesn’t is a contraction of does not and
should be used only with a singular subject.
He
doesn’t like it.
They
don’t like it.
v
Do not be misled bya phrase that comes
between the subject and the verb.
One
of the boxes is open.
v
The words each, each one, either,
neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone, nobody, somebody, someone, and
no one are singular and require a singular verb.
Either
is correct.
v
Nouns such as civics, mathematics,
dollars, measles, and news require singular verbs.
The
news is on at six.
v
Nouns such as scissors, tweezers,
trousers, and shears require plurar verbs.
These
scissors are dull.
v
In sentences beginning with there is or
there are, the subject follows the verbs. Since there is not the subject, the
verb agrees with what follows.
There
are many question.
v
Collective nouns are words that imply
more than one person but that are considered singular and take a singular verb,
such as : group, team, committee, class, and family.
The
team runs during pracyice.
5. PUNTUATION
Punctuation adalah
symbol yang digunakan dalam berbagai bahasa untuk mengatur struktur kalimat,
dan menunjukan ritme vocal dan penekanan kata-kata, frasa dan kalimat.
·
Periode [.] adalah tanda baca yang
paling dasar. Fungsinya untuk memisahkan satu kalimat ke kalimat yang lain.
o
Paris adalah ibu kota perancis.
·
Koma[,] koma ini biasanya digunakan
untuk memisahkan kata, frase, atau kalimat bagian
o
Mary membeli t-shirt, celana jins, dan
tas tangan.
·
Colon [:] fungsi titik dua adalah untuk
memperluas kalimat dan membuatnya lebih rumit.
o
Ada berbagai jenis buah- buahan dalam
keranjang : apel, pir, pisang, jeruk, melon dll.
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